ShellBag Analysis
What are "shellbags"?
To get an understanding of what "shellbags" are, I'd suggest that you start by reading Chad Tilbury's excellent SANS Forensic blog post on the topic. I'm not going to try to steal Chad's thunder...he does a great job of explaining what these artifacts are, so there's really no sense in rehashing everything.
Discussion of this topic goes back well before Chad's post, with this DFRWS 2009 paper. Before that, John McCash talked about ShellBag Registry Forensics on the SANS Forensics blog. Even Microsoft mentions the keys in question in KB 813711.
Without going into a lot of detail, a user's shell window preferences are maintained in the Registry, and the hive and keys being used to record these preferences will depend upon the version of the Windows operating system. Microsoft wants the user to have a great experience while using the operating system and applications, right? If a user opens up a window on the Desktop and repositions and resizes that window, how annoying would it be to shut the system down, and have to come back the next day and have to do it all over again? Because this information is recorded in the Registry, it is available to analysts who can parse and interpret the data. As such, "ShellBags" is sort of a colloquial term used to refer to a specific area of Registry analysis.
Tools such as Registry Decoder, TZWorks sbag, and RegRipper are capable of decoding and presenting the information available in the ShellBags.
How can ShellBags help an investigation?
I think that one of the biggest issues with ShellBags analysis is that, much like other lines of analysis that involve the Windows Registry, they're poorly understood, and as such, underutilized. Artifacts like the ShellBags can be very beneficial to an examiner, depending upon the type of examination they're conducting. Much like the analysis of other Windows artifacts, ShellBags can demonstrate a user's access to resources, often well after that resource is no longer available. ShellBag analysis can demonstrate access to folders, files, external storage devices, and network resources. Under the appropriate conditions, the user's access to these resources will be recorded and persist well after the accessed resource has been deleted, or is no longer accessible via the system.
If an organization has an acceptable use policy, ShellBags data may demonstrate violations of that policy, by illustrating access to file paths with questionable names, such as what may be available via a thumb drive or DVD. Or, it may be a violation of acceptable use policies to access another employee's computer without their consent, such as:
...or to access other systems, such as:
Desktop\My Network Places\192.168.23.6\\\192.168.23.6\c$
Further, because of how .zip files are handled by default on Windows systems, ShellBag analysis can illustrate that a user not only had a zipped archive on their system, but that they opened it and viewed subfolders within the archive.
This is what it looks like when I accessed Zip file subfolders on my system:
Desktop\Users\AppData\Local\Temp\RR.zip\DVD\RegRipper\DVD
Access to devices will also be recorded in these Registry keys, including access to specific resources on those devices.
For example, from the ShellBags data available on my own system I was able to see where I'd accessed an Android system:
...as well as a digital camera...
Desktop\My Computer\Canon EOS DIGITAL REBEL XTi\CF\DCIM\334CANON
...and an iPod.
Desktop\My Computer\Harlan s iPod\Internal Storage\DCIM
Another aspect of ShellBags analysis that can be valuable to an examination is by the analyst developing an understanding the actual data structures, referred to as "shell item ID lists", used within the ShellBag. It turns out that these data structures are not only used in other values within the Registry, but they're also used in other artifacts, such as Windows shortcut/LNK files, as well as within Jump List files. Understanding and being able to recognize and parse these structures lets an analyst get the most out of the available data.
Locating Possible Data Exfil/Infil Paths via ShellBags
As information regarding access to removable storage devices and network resources can be recorded in the ShellBags, this data may be used to demonstrate infiltration/infection or data exfiltration paths.
For example, one means of getting data off of a system is via FTP. Many Windows users aren't aware that Windows has a command line FTP client, although some are; in my experience, it's more often intruders who are conversant in the use of the command line client. One way that analysts look for the use of the FTP client (i.e., ftp.exe) is via Prefetch files, as well as via the MUICache Registry key.
However, another way to access FTP on a Windows system is via the Windows Explorer shell itself. I've worked with a couple of organizations that used FTP for large file transfers and had us use this process rather than use the command line client. A couple of sites provide simple instructions regarding how to use FTP via Windows Explorer:
MS FTP FAQ
HostGator: Using FTP via Windows Explorer
Here's what a URI entry looks like when parsed (obfuscated, of course):
One of the data types recorded within the ShellBags keys is a "URI", and this data structure includes an embedded time stamp, as well as the protocol (ie, ftp, http, etc.) used in the communications. The embedded time stamp appears (via timeline analysis) to correlate with when the attempt was made to connect to the FTP site. If the connection is successful, you will likely find a corresponding entry for the site in the NTUSER.DAT hive, in the path:
HKCU/Software/Microsoft/FTP/Accounts/www.site.com
Much like access via the keyboard, remote access to the system that provides shell-based control, such as via RDP, will often facilitate the use of other graphical tools, including the use of the Windows Explorer shell for off-system communications. ShellBag analysis may lead to some very interesting findings, not only with respect to what a user may have done, but also other resources an intruder may have accessed.
Summary
Like other Windows artifacts, ShellBags persist well after the accessed resources are no longer available. Knowing how to parse and interpret this Registry data
Parsing ShellBags data can provide you with indications of access to external resources, potentially providing indications of one avenue of off-system communications. If the concern is data infiltration ("how did that get here?"), you may find indications of access to an external resource, followed by indications of access to Zip file subfolders. ShellBags can be used to demonstrate access to resources where no other indications are available (because they weren't recorded some where else, or because they were intentionally deleted), or they can be used in conjunction with other resources to build a stronger case. Incorporation of ShellBag data into timelines for analysis can also provide some very valuable insight that might not otherwise be available to the analyst.
Resources
ForensicsWiki Shell Item page
To get an understanding of what "shellbags" are, I'd suggest that you start by reading Chad Tilbury's excellent SANS Forensic blog post on the topic. I'm not going to try to steal Chad's thunder...he does a great job of explaining what these artifacts are, so there's really no sense in rehashing everything.
Discussion of this topic goes back well before Chad's post, with this DFRWS 2009 paper. Before that, John McCash talked about ShellBag Registry Forensics on the SANS Forensics blog. Even Microsoft mentions the keys in question in KB 813711.
Without going into a lot of detail, a user's shell window preferences are maintained in the Registry, and the hive and keys being used to record these preferences will depend upon the version of the Windows operating system. Microsoft wants the user to have a great experience while using the operating system and applications, right? If a user opens up a window on the Desktop and repositions and resizes that window, how annoying would it be to shut the system down, and have to come back the next day and have to do it all over again? Because this information is recorded in the Registry, it is available to analysts who can parse and interpret the data. As such, "ShellBags" is sort of a colloquial term used to refer to a specific area of Registry analysis.
Tools such as Registry Decoder, TZWorks sbag, and RegRipper are capable of decoding and presenting the information available in the ShellBags.
How can ShellBags help an investigation?
I think that one of the biggest issues with ShellBags analysis is that, much like other lines of analysis that involve the Windows Registry, they're poorly understood, and as such, underutilized. Artifacts like the ShellBags can be very beneficial to an examiner, depending upon the type of examination they're conducting. Much like the analysis of other Windows artifacts, ShellBags can demonstrate a user's access to resources, often well after that resource is no longer available. ShellBag analysis can demonstrate access to folders, files, external storage devices, and network resources. Under the appropriate conditions, the user's access to these resources will be recorded and persist well after the accessed resource has been deleted, or is no longer accessible via the system.
If an organization has an acceptable use policy, ShellBags data may demonstrate violations of that policy, by illustrating access to file paths with questionable names, such as what may be available via a thumb drive or DVD. Or, it may be a violation of acceptable use policies to access another employee's computer without their consent, such as:
Desktop\My Network Places\user-PC\\\user-PC\Users
...or to access other systems, such as:
Desktop\My Network Places\192.168.23.6\\\192.168.23.6\c$
Further, because of how .zip files are handled by default on Windows systems, ShellBag analysis can illustrate that a user not only had a zipped archive on their system, but that they opened it and viewed subfolders within the archive.
This is what it looks like when I accessed Zip file subfolders on my system:
Desktop\Users\AppData\Local\Temp\RR.zip\DVD\RegRipper\DVD
Access to devices will also be recorded in these Registry keys, including access to specific resources on those devices.
For example, from the ShellBags data available on my own system I was able to see where I'd accessed an Android system:
Desktop\My Computer\F:\Android\data
...as well as a digital camera...
Desktop\My Computer\Canon EOS DIGITAL REBEL XTi\CF\DCIM\334CANON
...and an iPod.
Desktop\My Computer\Harlan s iPod\Internal Storage\DCIM
Another aspect of ShellBags analysis that can be valuable to an examination is by the analyst developing an understanding the actual data structures, referred to as "shell item ID lists", used within the ShellBag. It turns out that these data structures are not only used in other values within the Registry, but they're also used in other artifacts, such as Windows shortcut/LNK files, as well as within Jump List files. Understanding and being able to recognize and parse these structures lets an analyst get the most out of the available data.
Locating Possible Data Exfil/Infil Paths via ShellBags
As information regarding access to removable storage devices and network resources can be recorded in the ShellBags, this data may be used to demonstrate infiltration/infection or data exfiltration paths.
For example, one means of getting data off of a system is via FTP. Many Windows users aren't aware that Windows has a command line FTP client, although some are; in my experience, it's more often intruders who are conversant in the use of the command line client. One way that analysts look for the use of the FTP client (i.e., ftp.exe) is via Prefetch files, as well as via the MUICache Registry key.
However, another way to access FTP on a Windows system is via the Windows Explorer shell itself. I've worked with a couple of organizations that used FTP for large file transfers and had us use this process rather than use the command line client. A couple of sites provide simple instructions regarding how to use FTP via Windows Explorer:
MS FTP FAQ
HostGator: Using FTP via Windows Explorer
Here's what a URI entry looks like when parsed (obfuscated, of course):
Desktop\Explorer\ftp://www.site.com
One of the data types recorded within the ShellBags keys is a "URI", and this data structure includes an embedded time stamp, as well as the protocol (ie, ftp, http, etc.) used in the communications. The embedded time stamp appears (via timeline analysis) to correlate with when the attempt was made to connect to the FTP site. If the connection is successful, you will likely find a corresponding entry for the site in the NTUSER.DAT hive, in the path:
HKCU/Software/Microsoft/FTP/Accounts/www.site.com
Much like access via the keyboard, remote access to the system that provides shell-based control, such as via RDP, will often facilitate the use of other graphical tools, including the use of the Windows Explorer shell for off-system communications. ShellBag analysis may lead to some very interesting findings, not only with respect to what a user may have done, but also other resources an intruder may have accessed.
Summary
Like other Windows artifacts, ShellBags persist well after the accessed resources are no longer available. Knowing how to parse and interpret this Registry data
Parsing ShellBags data can provide you with indications of access to external resources, potentially providing indications of one avenue of off-system communications. If the concern is data infiltration ("how did that get here?"), you may find indications of access to an external resource, followed by indications of access to Zip file subfolders. ShellBags can be used to demonstrate access to resources where no other indications are available (because they weren't recorded some where else, or because they were intentionally deleted), or they can be used in conjunction with other resources to build a stronger case. Incorporation of ShellBag data into timelines for analysis can also provide some very valuable insight that might not otherwise be available to the analyst.
Resources
ForensicsWiki Shell Item page