CJEU asked to clarify copyright questions regarding online infringement, transformation and ... exhaustion
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| Ready for autumn: Merpel with her bouquet of newly sharpened pencils and collection of latest CJEU copyright references |
With autumn officially started, it is time to get back to school, buy a "bouquet of newly sharpened pencils" (you got it: it is a quote from one of this Kat's favourite 1990s rom coms) or, if you happen to be a copyright case, probably head to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).
In fact, two new cases have just been referred, one concerning the interpretation of Brussels I Regulation in the context of online copyright infringement cases, and the other very interesting issues concerning transformative use and exhaustion of the distribution right under EU copyright.
Case C-441/13 PEZ EJDUK: intention to target in online infringement cases
This is a reference for a preliminary ruling from apparent photography-loving Member State Austria (also the Painer case was an Austrian reference). As explained by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO), this case concerns a claim by a photographer based in Vienna (Austria) for infringement of copyright in photographs by a company based in Dusseldorf (Germany). The applicant believes that the Vienna courts have jurisdiction as the website on which the photographs were published by the defendant is accessible in Vienna.
The Austrian court does not appear so sure, and thus decided to seek guidance from the CJEU as to the following:
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| An 'intention to target' that is probably cuter than that at stake before the CJEU |
'Is Article 5(3) of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [the Brussels I regulation] to be interpreted as meaning that, in a dispute concerning an infringement of rights related to copyright which is alleged to have been committed in that a photograph was kept accessible on a website, the website being operated under the top-level domain of a Member State other than that in which the proprietor of the right is domiciled [Or. 2], there is jurisdiction only
- in the Member State in which the alleged infringer is established; and
- in the Member State(s) to which the website, according to its content, is directed?'
- in the Member State in which the alleged infringer is established; and
- in the Member State(s) to which the website, according to its content, is directed?'
This Kat thinks that some hints as to how this question will be answered may be found in the recent Opinion of Advocate General Niilo Jääskinen in Case C-170/12 Pinckney (Katpost here) and the CJEU ruling in Case C-523/10 Wintersteiger, another reference from Austria, albeit in the context of EU trade mark law (Katposts here).
In any case, if you wish to comment on this reference, just email policy@ipo.gov.uk by 26 September 2013.
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| Still bearing the legendary enigmatic "smile"? |
Case C-419/13 ART & ALLPOSTERS INTERNATIONAL
This is truly an exciting reference, this time from The Netherlands. The Dutch Supreme Court is seeking guidance as to what extent transformative uses are permitted under EU law, and also - surprise surprise! - issues of exhaustion of the right of distribution.
As explained by the IPO, Allposters used the works of rightholders represented by Dutch collecting society Pictoright by altering and reproducing them on canvas. Allposters argues that the works were significantly altered and disseminated to the public in a different form; therefore Allposters did not infringe the copyright of the rightholders.
An accurate background to the litigation with relevant Dutch legislation and case law is provided by EU Law Radar.
The following question concerning an interpretation of Article 4 of Directive 2001/29/EC ('Distribution right') has been referred for a preliminary ruling:
'Does Article 4 of Directive 2001/29/EC (the Copyright Directive) govern the answer to the question, whether the distribution right of a copyright-protected work which has been sold and delivered within the EEA with the consent of the rightholder where the reproduction has been subsequently altered in respect of its form and is again brought into circulation?'
The controversial ruling in Case C-128/11 UsedSoft has left many with an uneasy feeling, certainly awaiting an answer to the question whether exhaustion applies to digital subject-matter other than software (see Katpoll here). Although the Dutch reference appears concerned with works in more traditional (analogue) formats, the CJEU might shed some light also in respect of digital works.
