Useful sed tricks to customize configuration files
A typical software installation goes like this. You install the software using apt-get install or yum install.
Then, you manually edit the software's configuration file in order to satisfy your requirements. If you have to repeat the install on multiple machines, this quickly becomes tedious.
Instead of manually editing the file, I run a text manipulation command such as sed or awk to make the required changes. Then, I script the procedure by inserting the commands in a bash script file.
The scripting of configuration changes serves multiple purposes:
It is a permanent record of the configuration changes.
It is readily repeatable on the same or a different machine.
Below, I illustrate 2 sed tricks to make configuration changes to the Apache webserver. The target configuration file is /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.
Before you make any change, please first backup the original configuration file.
$ sudo cp /etc/apache2/apache2.conf /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.orig
Replacing first occurrence of a string
The default apache2.conf file contains the following line:
Timeout 300
Below is the sed command to change the first occurrence of Timeout in the file to 100.
$ sudo sed -i "0,/^Timeout\s/ s/^Timeout\s\+[0-9]\+/Timeout 100/" /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
The -i parameter tells sed to edit the file in place - that is, directly in apache2.conf.
0,/^Timeout\s/ specifies the range of lines over which the sed command is to be executed. In this example, the starting line is the first line (line 0). The finishing line is the line returned by a search for the word Timeout which appears at the beginning of a line (^) and followed by a whitespace (\s).
The line range parameter limits the change to only the first occurrence of Timeout in the file. If you leave out the line range, each occurrence of Timeout in the file will be modified. In many scenarios, leaving it out is OK because the parameter occurs only once in the configuration file.
For some configuration files, a parameter can occur multiples times, in different sections. Next, I illustrate how to limit the change to within a particular section in the configuration file.
Replacing a string within a target section
The MaxClients parameter occurs in 3 sections within the apache2.conf file:
mpm_prefork_modulempm_worker_modulempm_event_module
I want to change the MaxClients parameter within the mpm_prefork_module only.
The default mpm_prefork_module is like this:
StartServers 5
MinSpareServers 5
MaxSpareServers 10
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
Note that a section is delimited by the opening statements.
The following sed command modifies the value of MaxClients to 18 within the mpm_prefork_module section.
$ sudo sed -i "/
The line range is defined by the / clause in the above statement. The opening line in the line range is specified by a search for the \@@.
An explanation of the closing line pattern is warranted. The slash (/) character is part of the search pattern for the closing line (). However, the slash is also the default delimiter for sed. Therefore, we must use a different delimiter (@) for the closing-line search pattern. Note that the first @ is escaped (\@).
The s/MaxClients.../MaxClients 18/ clause changes the value of MaxClients to 18.
Conclusion
The above are examples of how you can use sed to script common scenarios of changing configuration files. You can achieve the same result using other tools such as awk or perl. Please use the comment system to let us know your own examples.
If you are interested to learn more about sed, please read my earlier posts on the tool:
