Security researchers at Microsoft have unveiled details of two critical and important zero-day vulnerabilities that had recently been discovered after someone uploaded a malicious PDF file to VirusTotal, and get

patched before being used in the wild

.

In late March, researchers at ESET found a malicious PDF file on VirusTotal, which they shared with the security team at Microsoft "as a potential exploit for an unknown Windows kernel vulnerability."

After analyzing the malicious PDF file, the Microsoft team found that the same file includes two different zero-day exploits—one for Adobe Acrobat and Reader, and the other targeting Microsoft Windows.

Since the patches for both the vulnerabilities were released in the second week of May, Microsoft released details of both the vulnerabilities today, after giving users enough time to update their vulnerable operating systems and Adobe software.

According to the researchers, the malicious PDF including both the zero-days exploit was in the early development stage, "given the fact that the PDF itself did not deliver a malicious payload and appeared to be proof-of-concept (PoC) code."

It seems someone who could have combined both the zero-days to build an extremely powerful cyber weapon had unintentionally and mistakenly lost the game by uploading his/her under-development exploit to VirusTotal.

The zero-day vulnerabilities in question are a remote code execution flaw in Adobe Acrobat and Reader (CVE-2018-4990) and a privilege escalation bug in Microsoft Windows (CVE-2018-8120).

"The first exploit attacks the Adobe JavaScript engine to run shellcode in the context of that module," Matt Oh, Security Engineer at Windows Defender ATP Research, says.
"The second exploit, which does not affect modern platforms like Windows 10, allows the shellcode to escape Adobe Reader sandbox and run with elevated privileges from Windows kernel memory."

The Adobe Acrobat and Reader exploit was incorporated in a PDF document as a maliciously crafted JPEG 2000 image containing the JavaScript exploit code, which triggers a double-free vulnerability in the software to run shellcode.

Leveraging shellcode execution from the first vulnerability, the attacker uses the second Windows kernel exploit to break the Adobe Reader sandbox and run it with elevated privileges.

Since this malicious PDF sample was under development at the time of detection, it apparently included a simple PoC payload that dropped an empty vbs file in the Startup folder.

"Initially, ESET researchers discovered the PDF sample when it was uploaded to a public repository of malicious samples," ESET researchers concluded. 
"The sample does not contain a final payload, which may suggest that it was caught during its early development stages. Even though the sample does not contain a real malicious final payload, the author(s) demonstrated a high level of skills in vulnerability discovery and exploit writing."
Microsoft

and

Adobe

have since released corresponding security updates for both the vulnerabilities in May. For more technical details of the exploits, you can head on to

Microsoft

and

ESET

blogs.