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List of Epidemics

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This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

15th century and earlier

Death toll (estimate)LocationDateArticleDiseaseRef.
75,000–100,000Greece429–426 BCPlague of AthensUnknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever[1][2][3]
5–10 millionRoman Empire165–180 (possibly up to 190)Antonine PlagueUnknown, possibly smallpox[4]
Europe250–266Plague of CyprianUnknown, possibly smallpox[5]
25–50 million; 40% of populationEurope, Egypt, West Asia541–542Plague of JustinianPlague[6]
Rome590Roman Plague of 590.69Plague[7]
> 100,000Ctesiphon, Persia628Plague[8]
British Isles664–689Plague of 664Plague[9][page needed]
Japan735–737735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemicSmallpox[10][11]
Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa746–747Plague[12]
75–200 million; 30–60% of populationEurope, Asia and North Africa1331–1353Black DeathPlague[13]

16–17th centuries

Death toll (estimate)LocationDateArticleDiseaseRef.
5–15 million (80% of population)Mexico1545–1548Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548Possibly Salmonella enterica[14][15][16][17]
> 20,100 in LondonLondon1563–15641563 London plaguePlague
2–2.5 million (50% of population)Mexico1576–1580Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576Possibly Salmonella enterica[14][15][16][17]
Seneca nation1592–1596Measles[18]
> 19,900 in London and outer parishesLondon1592–15931592–93 London plaguePlague
Spain1596–1602Plague[19]
South America1600–1650Malaria
England1603Plague
Egypt1609Plague
30–90% of populationSouthern New England, especially the Wampanoag people1616–1619Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D.[20][21]
280,000Italy1629–1631Italian plague of 1629–1631Plague[22]
Wyandot people1630Smallpox
Thirteen Colonies1633Smallpox
Thirteen Colonies1634Smallpox
England1636Plague
China1641–1644Plague[23]
Spain1647–1652Great Plague of SevillePlague
South America1648Yellow fever
Italy1656Plague
Thirteen Colonies1657Measles
24,148[24]Netherlands1663–1664Plague
100,000[25]England1665–1666Great Plague of LondonPlague[26]
40,000France1668Plague
Spain1676–1685Plague
76,000Austria1679Great Plague of ViennaPlague
Thirteen Colonies1687Measles
Thirteen Colonies1690Yellow fever

18th century

Death toll (estimate)LocationDateArticleDiseaseRef.
Canada, New France1702–1703Smallpox[27]
> 18,000 (36% of population)Iceland1707–1709Great Smallpox EpidemicSmallpox
Sweden1710–1712Great Northern War plague outbreakPlague
Thirteen Colonies1713Measles
Thirteen Colonies1713–1715Measles
Canada, New France1714–1715Measles[28]
France1720–1722Plague[29]
Thirteen Colonies1721–1722Smallpox[30]
Thirteen Colonies1729Measles
Spain1730Yellow fever
Thirteen Colonies1732–1733Influenza[31]
Canada, New France1733Smallpox[32]
> 50,000Balkans1738Great Plague of 1738Plague
Thirteen Colonies1738Smallpox
Thirteen Colonies1739–1740Measles
Italy1743Plague
Thirteen Colonies1747Measles
North America1755–1756Smallpox
North America1759Measles
North America, West Indies1761Influenza
North America, present-day Pittsburgh area.1763Smallpox
> 50,000Russia1770–1772Russian plague of 1770–1772Plague
Pacific Northwest natives1770sSmallpox[33]
North America1772Measles
> 2,000,000Persia1772Plague[8]
North America1775Unknown cause
England1775–1776Influenza[34]
Spain1778Dengue fever
Plains Indians1780–1782North American smallpox epidemicSmallpox[35]
Pueblo Indians1788Smallpox
United States1788Measles
New South Wales, Australia1789–1790Smallpox[36]
United States1793Influenza and Epidemic Typhus
United States1793Influenza
United States1793–1798Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgencesYellow fever[37]

19th century

Death toll (estimate)LocationDateArticleDiseaseRef.
Spain1800–1803Yellow fever[38]
Ottoman Empire, Egypt1801Bubonic plague[39]
United States1803Yellow fever
Egypt1812Plague
Ottoman Empire1812Plague
Malta1813Plague
Romania1813Plague
Ireland1816–1819Typhus
> 100,000Asia, Europe1816–1826First cholera pandemicCholera[40]
United States1820–1823Yellow fever
Spain1821Yellow fever[41]
New South Wales, Australia1828Smallpox[42]
Netherlands1829Groningen epidemicMalaria
South Australia1829Smallpox[43]
Iran1829–1835Bubonic plague[44]
> 100,000Asia, Europe, North America1829–1851Second cholera pandemicCholera[40]
Egypt1831Cholera[45][46]
Plains Indians1831–1834Smallpox
England, France1832Cholera
North America1832Cholera
United States1833Cholera
United States1834Cholera
Egypt1834–1836Bubonic plague[45][46]
United States1837Typhus
Great Plains1837–18381837–38 smallpox epidemicSmallpox[47]
Dalmatia1840Plague
South Africa1840Smallpox
United States1841Yellow fever
> 20,000Canada1847–1848Typhus epidemic of 1847Epidemic typhus[48]
United States1847Yellow fever
Worldwide1847–1848Influenza[49]
Egypt1848Cholera[45][46]
North America1848–1849Cholera
United States1850Yellow fever
North America1850–1851Influenza
United States1851Cholera
United States1852Yellow fever
1,000,000Russia1852–1860Third cholera pandemicCholera[40]
Ottoman Empire1853Plague[50]
4,737Copenhagen, Denmark1853Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853Cholera[51]
616England1854Broad Street cholera outbreakCholera[52]
United States1855Yellow fever
Worldwide1855–1960Third plague pandemicBubonic plague[53]
Portugal1857Yellow fever
Victoria, Australia1857Smallpox[54]
Europe, North America, South America1857–1859Influenza[55]
>3000Central Coast, British Columbia1862-1863Smallpox[56]
Middle East1863–1879Fourth cholera pandemicCholera[40]
Egypt1865Cholera[45][46]
Russia, Germany1866–1867Cholera
Australia1867Measles
Iraq1867Plague[57]
Argentina1852–1871Yellow fever[58]
Germany1870–1871Smallpox
40,000Fiji1875Measles[59]
Russian Empire1877Plague[60]
Egypt1881Cholera[45][46]
> 9,000India, Germany1881–1896Fifth cholera pandemicCholera[40]
3,164Montreal1885Smallpoxtimeline
1,000,000Worldwide1889–18901889–1890 flu pandemicInfluenza[61]
West Africa1900Yellow fever

20th century

Death toll (estimate)LocationDateArticleDiseaseRef.
Congo Basin1896–1906Trypanosomiasis[62]
> 800,000Europe, Asia, Africa1899–1923Sixth cholera pandemicCholera[40]
113San Francisco1900–1904Third plague pandemicBubonic plague[63]
Uganda1900–1920Trypanosomiasis[64]
Egypt1902Cholera[45][46]
India1903Plague[65]
4Fremantle1903Bubonic plague[66]
40,000China1910–1912Bubonic plague[67]
up to 100,000,000worldwide1918–1920Spanish fluInfluenza[68]
Russia1918–1922Typhus
Egypt1942–1944Malaria[45][46]
China1946Bubonic plague
Egypt1946Relapsing fever[45][46]
Egypt1947Cholera[45][46]
2,000,000worldwide1957–1958Asian fluInfluenza[69]
worldwide1961–1975Seventh cholera pandemicCholera[40]
4Sweden1963Smallpox[70][71]
1,000,000worldwide1968–1969Hong Kong fluInfluenza[69]
5Netherlands1971Poliomyelitis[72]
35Yugoslavia19721972 outbreak of smallpox in YugoslaviaSmallpox
United States1972–1973London fluInfluenza[73]
15,000India19741974 smallpox epidemic of IndiaSmallpox
> 30,000,000worldwide
(commenced in Congo Basin)		1960–presentHIV/AIDS pandemicHIV/AIDS[74]
South America1990sCholera
52India19941994 plague epidemic in SuratPlague[75]
231worldwide1996-2001vCJD
West Africa1996Meningitis
Central America2000Dengue fever[76]

21st century

Death toll (estimate)LocationDateArticleDiseaseRef.
Nigeria2001Cholera[77]
South Africa2001Cholera[78]
775Asia2002–2003SARSSARS coronavirus
Algeria2003Plague[79]
Afghanistan2004Leishmaniasis[80]
Bangladesh2004Cholera[81]
Indonesia2004Dengue fever
Senegal2004Cholera[82]
Sudan2004Ebola
Mali2005Yellow fever[83]
19Singapore20052005 dengue outbreak in SingaporeDengue fever[84]
Luanda, Angola2006Cholera[85]
Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo2006Plague
India2006Malaria[86]
> 50India20062006 dengue outbreak in IndiaDengue fever[87]
India2006Chikungunya outbreaksChikungunya virus[88]
> 50Pakistan20062006 dengue outbreak in PakistanDengue fever[89]
Philippines2006Dengue fever
Democratic Republic of the Congo2007Mweka ebola epidemicEbola[90]
Ethiopia2007Cholera[91]
49India2008Cholera[92]
10Iraq20072007 Iraq cholera outbreakCholera[93]
Nigeria2007Poliomyelitis[94]
Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico2007Dengue fever[95]
Somalia2007Cholera[96]
Uganda2007Ebola
Vietnam2007Cholera[97]
Brazil2008Dengue fever
Cambodia2008Dengue fever[98]
Chad2008Cholera[99]
China2008Hand, foot and mouth disease
Madagascar2008Bubonic plague[100]
Philippines2008Dengue fever[101]
Vietnam2008Cholera[102]
4,293Zimbabwe2008–20092008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreakCholera
18Bolivia20092009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemicDengue fever
49India20092009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreakHepatitis B
Queensland, Australia2009Dengue fever[103]
worldwide2009Mumps outbreaks in the 2000sMumps
931West Africa2009–20102009–2010 West African meningitis outbreakMeningitis[104]
203,000worldwide20092009 flu pandemicInfluenza[105][106]
9,985 (May 2017)Hispaniola2010–presentHaiti cholera outbreakCholera[107][108]
> 4,500 (February 2014)Democratic Republic of the Congo2011–presentMeasles[109][110]
170Vietnam2011–presentHand, foot and mouth disease[111][112]
> 350Pakistan2011–present2011 dengue outbreak in PakistanDengue fever
847 (as of 10 January 2013[update])Darfur Sudan20122012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, SudanYellow fever[113]
449 (as of 11 June 2015[update])Worldwide2012–present2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreakMiddle East respiratory syndrome[114]
> 11,300West Africa2013–2016Ebola virus epidemic in West AfricaEbola virus disease[115][116]
183Americas2013–20152013–14 chikungunya outbreakChikungunya[117]
40Madagascar2014–present2014 Madagascar plague outbreakBubonic plague[118]
36India2014–present2014 Odisha jaundice outbreakPrimarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A[119]
2,035India2015–present2015 Indian swine flu outbreakInfluenza A virus subtype H1N1[120][121][122]
worldwide2015–present2015–16 Zika virus epidemicZika virus
Hundreds (as of 1 April 2016[update])Africa20162016 yellow fever outbreak in AngolaYellow fever[123]
1,614 (as of 4 July 2017[update])Yemen2016–present2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreakCholera
64 (as of 16 August 2017[update])India20172017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreakJapanese encephalitis
17 (as of June 2018[update])India20182018 Nipah virus outbreakNipah virus infection
2,242 (as of 20 January 2020[update])Democratic Republic of the Congo & UgandaAugust 2018–present2018–19 Kivu Ebola epidemicEbola virus disease[124][125]
"nearly" 5,000 (by November 2019)Democratic Republic of the Congo2019–present2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the CongoMeasles[126]
>56[127]Worldwide2020–present[128]

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